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77 studies
A randomized 3-way crossover study indicates that high-protein feeding induces de novo lipogenesis in healthy humans
by Evelina Charidemou, Tom Ashmore, Xuefei Li, Ben D. McNally, James A. West, Sonia Liggi, Matthew Harvey, Elise Orford, Julian L. Griffin
protein
BCAA dysmetabolism in the host and gut microbiome, a key player in the development of obesity and T2DM
by NaLiab, ZhipengCencd, ZhengdeZhaoab, ZilunLiab, SifanChencd
protein
bcaa
Resistance exercise protects mice from protein-induced fat accretion
by Michaela E Trautman, Leah N Braucher, Christian Elliehausen, Wenyuan G Zhu, Esther Zelenovskiy, Madelyn Green, Michelle M Sonsalla, Chung-Yang Yeh, Troy A Hornberger, Adam R Konopka, Dudley W Lamming
protein
Dietary restriction of isoleucine increases healthspan and lifespan of genetically heterogeneous mice
by Cara L.Green, Michaela E.Trautman, KrittisakChaiyakul, RaghavJain, Yasmine H.Alam, RejiBabygirija, Heidi H.Pak, Michelle M.Sonsalla, Mariah F.Calubag, Chung-YangYeh, AnnelieseBleicher, GraceNovak, Teresa T.Liu, SarahNewman, Will A.Ricke, Kristina A.Matkowskyj, Irene M.Ong, CholsoonJang, JudithSimcox, Dudley W.Lamming
protein
bcaa
isoleucine
Dietary isoleucine content defines the metabolic and molecular response to a Western diet
by Michaela E.Trautman, Cara L.Green, Michael R.MacArthur, KrittisakChaiyakul, Yasmine H.Alam, Chung-YangYeh, RejiBabygirija, IsabellaJames, MichaelGilpin, EstherZelenovskiy, MadelynGreen, Ryan N.Marshall, Michelle M.Sonsalla, VictoriaFlores, View ORCID ProfileJudith A.Simcox, Irene M.Ong, Kristen C.Malecki, CholsoonJang, View ORCID ProfileDudley W.Lamming
protein
bcaa
isoleucine
Increasing Dietary Leucine Intake Reduces Diet-Induced Obesity and Improves Glucose and Cholesterol Metabolism in Mice via Multimechanisms
by Yiying Zhang, Kaiying Guo, Robert E. LeBlanc, Daniella Loh, Gary J. Schwartz, Yi-Hao Yu
protein
leucine
A 3-Week Tryptophan-Deficient Diet Resulted in Decreased Body Weight and Increased Trabecular Bone Mass in Mice
by Carlos Isales, Kehong Ding, Meghan McGee-Lawrence, Wendy Bollag, William Hill, Sadanand Fulzele, Mohamed Awad, Mark Hamrick
protein
Results of taking Master Amino acid Pattern as a sole and total substitute of dietary proteins in an athlete during a desert crossing
by M Lucà-Moretti, A Grandi, E Lucà, E Mariani, G Vender, E Arrigotti, M Ferrario, E Rovelli
protein
map
Master Amino acid Pattern as substitute for dietary proteins during a weight-loss diet to achieve the body's nitrogen balance equilibrium with essentially no calories
by M Lucà-Moretti, A Grandi, E Lucà, G Muratori, M G Nofroni, M P Mucci, P Gambetta, R Stimolo, P Drago, G Giudice, N Tamburlin
protein
map
[Comparative study of the administration of anabolic amino acids. Confirms the discovery of the Master Amino Acid Pattern]
by M Lucà-Moretti
protein
map
PMID: 9882831
Mechanisms Underlying the Onset of Oral Lipid–Induced Skeletal Muscle Insulin Resistance in Humans
by Bettina Nowotny, Lejla Zahiragic, Dorothea Krog, Peter J. Nowotny, Christian Herder, Maren Carstensen, Toru Yoshimura, Julia Szendroedi, Esther Phielix, Peter Schadewaldt, Nanette C. Schloot, Gerald I. Shulman, Michael Roden
pufa
A Branched-Chain Amino Acid-Related Metabolic Signature that Differentiates Obese and Lean Humans and Contributes to Insulin Resistance
by Christopher B Newgard, Jie An, James R Bain, Michael J Muehlbauer, Robert D Stevens, Lillian F Lien, Andrea M Haqq, Svati H. Shah, Michelle Arlotto, Cris A Slentz, James Rochon, Dianne Gallup, Olga Ilkayeva, Brett R Wenner, William E Yancy, Howard Eisenson, Gerald Musante, Richard Surwit, David S Millington, Mark D Butler, Laura P Svetkey
protein
bcaa
Total daily energy expenditure has declined over the past three decades due to declining basal expenditure, not reduced activity expenditure
by John R. Speakman, Jasper M. A. de Jong, Srishti Sinha, Klaas R. Westerterp, Yosuke Yamada, Hiroyuki Sagayama, Philip N. Ainslie, Liam J. Anderson, Lenore Arab, Kweku Bedu-Addo, Stephane Blanc, Alberto G. Bonomi, Pascal Bovet, Soren Brage, Maciej S. Buchowski, Nancy F. Butte, Stefan G.J.A. Camps, Jamie A. Cooper, Richard Cooper, Sai Krupa Das, Peter S. W. Davies, Lara R. Dugas, Ulf Ekelund, Sonja Entringer, Terrence Forrester, Barry W. Fudge, Melanie Gillingham, Santu Ghosh, Annelies H. Goris, Michael Gurven, Lewis G. Halsey, Catherine Hambly, Hinke H. Haisma, Daniel Hoffman, Sumei Hu, Annemiek M. Joosen, Jennifer L. Kaplan, Peter Katzmarzyk, William E. Kraus, Robert F. Kushner, William R. Leonard, Marie Löf, Corby K. Martin, Eric Matsiko, Anine C. Medin, Erwin P. Meijer, Marian L. Neuhouser, Theresa A. Nicklas, Robert M. Ojiambo, Kirsi H. Pietiläinen, Jacob Plange-Rhule, Guy Plasqui, Ross L. Prentice, Susan B. Racette, David A. Raichlen, Eric Ravussin, Leanne M. Redman, Susan B. Roberts, Michael C. Rudolph, Luis B. Sardinha, Albertine J. Schuit, Analiza M. Silva, Eric Stice, Samuel S. Urlacher, Giulio Valenti, Ludo M. Van Etten, Edgar A. Van Mil, Brian M. Wood, Jack A. Yanovski, Tsukasa Yoshida, Xueying Zhang, Alexia J. Murphy-Alford, Cornelia U. Loechl, Anura Kurpad, Amy H. Luke, Herman Pontzer, Matthew S. Rodeheffer, Jennifer Rood, Dale A. Schoeller, William W. Wong
cico
Oxidized frying oil up-regulates hepatic acyl-CoA oxidase and cytochrome P450 4 A1 genes in rats and activates PPARalpha
by P M Chao, C Y Chao, F J Lin, C Huang
pufa
frying
Registry and survey of circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder patients
by PeterMansbach, James S.P.Fadden, LynnMcGovern
Dietary Fat and Risk for Advanced Age-Related Macular Degeneration
by Johanna M. Seddon MD, Bernard Rosner PhD, Robert D. Sperduto MD, Lawrence Yannuzzi MD, Julia A. Haller MD, Norman P. Blair MD, Walter Willett MD
pufa
Age-Dependent Protection of Insulin Secretion in Diet Induced Obese Mice
by Elizabeth R. De Leon, Jacqueline A. Brinkman, Rachel J. Fenske, Trillian Gregg, Brian A. Schmidt, Dawn S. Sherman, Nicole E. Cummings, Darby C. Peter, Michelle E. Kimple, Dudley W. Lamming, Matthew J. Merrins
Obesity: the protein leverage hypothesis
by S J Simpson, D Raubenheimer
protein
Anthropometric, hemodynamic, metabolic, and renal responses during 5 days of food and water deprivation
by Ioannis A Papagiannopoulos, Vassilis I Sideris, Michael Boschmann, Olga S Koutsoni, Eleni N Dotsika
fasting
10 adults were dry fasted (no food, no fluids) for 5 days. They lost 1.39kg/day on average, and significantly reduced waist circumference and other circumferences. Despite anticipated risks, they were safe. This weight loss is 50-100% higher than observed on water- or juice fasts of similar duration.
Linoleic acid causes greater weight gain than saturated fat without hypothalamic inflammation in the male mouse
by Kyle J. Mamounis, Ali Yasrebi, Troy A. Roepke
pufa
A Novel Dietary Intervention Reduces Circulatory Branched-Chain Amino Acids by 50%: A Pilot Study of Relevance for Obesity and Diabetes
by Imran Ramzan, Moira Taylor, Beth Phillips, Daniel Wilkinson, Kenneth Smith, Kate Hession, Iskandar Idris, Philip Atherton
protein
bcaa
Acrylamide formation in air-fried versus deep and oven-fried potatoes
by Semra Navruz-Varlı, Hande Mortaş
pufa
frying
Three methods of preparing french fries were compared: - 15 minutes air fried @ 200°C (manufacturer's recommendation) - 10 minutes deep fried in sunflower oil @ 180°C (legal limit in Turkey) - 15 minutes oven fried @ 200°C Both the air fried and oven fried fries had 2tbsp per 250g of sunflower oil spread on them before frying. Visible oil was wiped off after frying. Acrylamide formation was highest in the air fryer, then the deep fryer, then the oven, although the differences were not statistically significant.
Restricting Branched-Chain Amino Acids within a High-Fat Diet Prevents Obesity
by Ming Liu, Yiheng Huang, Hongwei Zhang, Dawn Aitken, Michael C. Nevitt, Jason S. Rockel, Jean-Pierre Pelletier, Cora E. Lewis, James Torner, Yoga Raja Rampersaud, Anthony V. Perruccio, Nizar N. Mahomed, Andrew Furey, Edward W. Randell, Proton Rahman, Guang Sun, Johanne Martel-Pelletier, Mohit Kapoor, Graeme Jones, David Felson, Dake Qi, Guangju Zhai
protein
bcaa
Altered Branched Chain Amino Acid Metabolism: Towards a Unifying Cardiometabolic Hypothesis
by Deirdre K. Tobias, Samia Mora, Subodh Verma, Patrick R. Lawler
protein
bcaa
The fructose survival hypothesis for obesity
by Richard J. Johnson, Miguel A. Lanaspa, L. Gabriela Sanchez-Lozada, Dean Tolan, Takahiko Nakagawa, Takuji Ishimoto, Ana Andres-Hernando, Bernardo Rodriguez-Iturbe, Peter Stenvinkel
Fully hydrogenated canola oil extends lifespan in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats
by Kenjiro Tatematsu, Daisuke Miyazawa, Yoshiaki Saito, Harumi Okuyama, Naoki Ohara
pufa
Restoration of metabolic health by decreased consumption of branched‐chain amino acids
by Nicole E. Cummings, Elizabeth M. Williams, Ildiko Kasza, Elizabeth N. Konon, Michael D. Schaid, Brian A. Schmidt, Chetan Poudel, Dawn S. Sherman, Deyang Yu, Sebastian I. Arriola Apelo, Sara E. Cottrell, Gabriella Geiger, Macy E. Barnes, Jaclyn A. Wisinski, Rachel J. Fenske, Kristina A. Matkowskyj, Michelle E. Kimple, Caroline M. Alexander, Matthew J. Merrins, Dudley W. Lamming
protein
bcaa
Comparative results between two groups of track-and-field athletes with or without the use of Master Amino acid Pattern as protein substitute
by M Lucà-Moretti, A Grandi, E Lucà, E Mariani, G Vender, E Arrigotti, M Ferrario, E Rovelli
protein
map
The Short-Chain Fatty Acid Acetate in Body Weight Control and Insulin Sensitivity
by Manuel A González Hernández, Emanuel E Canfora, Johan W E Jocken, Ellen E Blaak
vinegar
Literature review of the effects of acetate, a SCFA (short-chain fatty acid), on body weight and metabolism.
Manipulation of Muscle Creatine and Glycogen Changes Dual X-ray Absorptiometry Estimates of Body Composition
by Julia L Bone, Megan L Ross, Kristyen A Tomcik, Nikki A Jeacocke, Will G Hopkins, Louise M Burke
9 male cyclists were tested with DEXA scans to reach a lean mass estimate. They were tested "normal," glycogen depleted, and glycogen loaded. Creatine was also tested. Glycogen loading resulted in about 3% higher LBM with creatine or 2% without. Glycogen depletion resulted in an estimate of -1.4% LBM. Total body water increased by 0-5% from glycogen loading, 0-3.5% from creatine loading, and 1.2-3.4% from combined treatment. Glycogen loading, both with and without creatine loading, resulted in substantial increases in estimates of lean body mass (mean ± SD; 3.0% ± 0.7% and 2.0% ± 0.9%) and leg lean mass (3.1% ± 1.8% and 2.6% ± 1.0%) respectively. A substantial decrease in leg lean mass was observed after the glycogen depleting condition (-1.4% ± 1.6%). Total body water showed substantial increases after glycogen loading (2.3% ± 2.3%), creatine loading (1.4% ± 1.9%) and the combined treatment (2.3% ± 1.1%).
The metabolism and availability of essential fatty acids in animal and human tissues
by J Bézard, J P Blond, A Bernard, P Clouet
pufa
efa
Literature review of essential fatty acids, their required amounts, and how they can be modified & used in the body. Recommends a linoleic acid intake of 7-10g/day because of the possible connection to heart disease. They detail the various changes in food intake that have been recorded as manipulating the conversion of PUFAs in the body via D5D and D6D, including protein, salt, other fats, fasting, and more.
PMID: 7840871
Adipose tissue content of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and all-cause mortality: a Danish prospective cohort study
by ChristianBork, Christina C.Dahm, Philip C.Calder, SørenLundbye-Christensen, AnjaOlsen, KimOvervad, Erik BergSchmidt
pufa
4,663 Danes were analyzed for adipose tissue linoleic acid content (buttocks) and followed for 21 years in the median. The median adipose LA content was 10.6%. They found a slight inverse relationship between higher LA content and all-cause mortality.
Alaskan Arctic Eskimo: responses to a customary high fat diet
by HoKang-Jey, MikkelsonBelma, LewisLena A., FeldmanSheldon A., TaylorC.Bruce
keto
This 1972 study tested cholesterol levels and similar values of Alaskan Eskimos living in Point Hope, AK who lived a relatively traditional lifestyle. They had relatively high levels of cholesterol, but lower triglycerides than the average American population. Their levels of heart disease were about 1/10th as the general population of 1972. None of them tested positive for urine ketones, but the authors report this would not be surprised, as the strips are not very sensitive. The Eskimos were also eating 30-35% protein, which is a very high number and would likely not lead them to be in deep ketosis.
Corrosive Esophageal Injury due to a Commercial Vinegar Beverage in an Adolescent
by Jiyeon Chang
vinegar
A 15 year old Korean boy drank a very acidic vinegar beverage daily without diluting it enough. He had to go to the ER with severe acid burns to his esophagus. "He had been habitually drinking more than half a cup (100–150 mL) of a pomegranate-fermented vinegar beverage with no sufficient dilution every morning for 1 month. The acidity of this beverage was 2.7% with a pH of 2.6, and it was composed of acetic acid (35%), citric acid (60%), and maleic acid (5%) in the form of organic acids. The manufacturer recommended a 3:1 dilution of water and vinegar before drinking."
Apple cider vinegar for weight management in Lebanese adolescents and young adults with overweight and obesity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
by Rony Abou-Khalil, Jeanne Andary, Elissar El-Hayek
vinegar
120 overweight or obese Lebanese people between 12 and 25 years were put into 5, 10, or 15ml of apple cider vinegar groups or a placebo group for 12 weeks. The ACV contained 5% acetic acid and was taken, diluted in 250ml of water, every morning on an empty stomach. The ACV groups achieved significant reduction in body weight in a dose dependent manner, losing 5-7kg over the course of 12 weeks. They also had slightly lower serum glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides.
Beneficial effects of Apple Cider Vinegar on weight management, Visceral Adiposity Index and lipid profile in overweight or obese subjects receiving restricted calorie diet: A randomized clinical trial
by Solaleh SadatKhezri, AtoosaSaidpour, NimaHosseinzadeh, ZohrehAmiri
vinegar
39 participants were put into 2 groups. Both groups had a calorie restricted diet with a 250kcal/day deficit, but one group ingested 30ml of apple cider vinegar daily. The trial ran for 12 weeks. After 12 weeks, the ACV group had lost significantly more fat.
Composition of lipids in human serum and adipose tissue during prolonged feeding of a diet high in unsaturated fat
by S Dayton, S Hashimoto, W Dixon, M L Pearce
pufa
dnl
L.A. veterans were given a high-linoleic diet. Over the course of 4-5 years, the linoleic acid % in their body fat grew asymptotically to approach the linoleic acid % in the diet, minus a few % due to de novo lipogenesis.
PMID: 5900208
Dietary Protein and the Blood Glucose Concentration
by Frank Q Nuttall
protein
Meta-analysis about the amounts & role of protein required to sustain lean body mass. "∼32–46 g of high-quality dietary protein/day is reported to be required to maintain protein balance (2). This is considerably less than amounts of protein reportedly consumed by American adults (∼65–100+ g/day)" The remaining protein is deaminated, turned into glucose, and oxidized as fuel. Many studies report that, despite this, feeding protein does not seem to increase blood glucose. This study fed doubly-labeled protein from whole eggs and traced how much of the glucose entering the bloodstream during the following 8h came from this protein. It ended up being only around 4%. It therefore seems that the process of gluconeogenesis is highly regulated, it's not that "excess protein automatically gets turned into glucose and dumped in the bloodstream."
Optic Neuropathy in an Autistic Child With Vitamin A Deficiency: A Case Report and Literature Review
by Jason Allan Seng Soon Cheah
vitamin-a
Autistic Malaysian boy, who is very picky eater, only ate french fries, bread & chips for 4 years. Develops visual impairment. Diagnosed with vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A levels return to normal, but vision did not improve.
Variety in a meal enhances food intake in man
by Barbara J.Rolls, E.A.Rowe, E.T.Rolls, BredaKingston, AngelaMegson, RachelGunary
Subjects were given varieties of a food vs. just a single option, e.g. sandwiches with 4 different fillings or just 1, or 3 varieties of yogurt vs. just 1. They generally ate more when presented with more variety, even if the 1 option was their favorite. When given variety of 3 yogurts that only differed in taste, not texture or color, they did not eat more.
Glucose appearance rate following protein ingestion in normal subjects
by M A Khan, M C Gannon, F Q Nuttall
protein
PMID: 1460185
Vinegar intake reduces body weight, body fat mass, and serum triglyceride levels in obese Japanese subjects
by Tomoo Kondo, Mikiya Kishi, Takashi Fushimi, Shinobu Ugajin, Takayuki Kaga
vinegar
175 obese Japanese people were randomly assigned to one of 3 groups. Daily, they ingested 500ml of a beverage containing either 15ml apple vinegar (750mg acetic acid), 30ml vinegar (1,500mg acetic acid), or 0ml vinegar (placebo). The experiment lasted 12 weeks. They drank 250ml of the beverage after breakfast, and 250ml after dinner. Starting from week 4, the subjects began losing fat and waist circumference in a dose-dependent manner. The placebo group gained a slight amount of fat. Serum triglyceride levels also improved in the vinegar groups.
Adaptation of sleep to daylight saving time is slower in people consuming a high-fat diet
by Andrew W McHill, Akane Sano, Laura K Barger, Andrew J K Phillips, Charles A Czeisler, Elizabeth B Klerman
sleep
37 healthy students were asked to document their meals for 30 days, across the spring Daylight Savings Time change. Their mid-sleep times were measured, to find out if different diet composition would lead to different adaptation speeds to the new daylight environment. They analyzed diet composition and divided into 3 groups: low-fat (<35% kcal from fat), intermediate-fat (35-40% kcal from fat), and high-fat (>40% kcal from fat). Students eating a high-fat diet took significantly longer to adapt to the new DST environment, only adapting fully on the following Friday, whereas low-fat students were adapted after just 1 day.
High-fat feeding alters the clock synchronization to light
by Jorge Mendoza, Paul Pévet, Etienne Challet
pufa
sleep
Rodents were split into chow (low-fat) and "high-fat" (53% fat, 6% corn oil, 47% lard) groups. They were subjected to an artificial 6h "jet lag." Adaptation time was measured. The "high-fat" rodents took nearly 2x as long to advance phase, but were slightly faster at delaying phase. I.e. the "high-fat" PUFA diet turned them into night owls.
On the pathogenesis of obesity: causal models and missing pieces of the puzzle
by Faidon Magkos, Thorkild I. A. Sørensen, David Raubenheimer, Nikhil V. Dhurandhar, Ruth J. F. Loos, Anja Bosy-Westphal, Christoffer Clemmensen, Mads F. Hjorth, David B. Allison, Gary Taubes, Eric Ravussin, Mark I. Friedman, Kevin D. Hall, David S. Ludwig, John R. Speakman, Arne Astrup
keto
cico
Comparison between the Energy Balance Model and Carbohydrate Insulin Model by proponents of both sides.
Dietary Protein Restriction Improves Metabolic Dysfunction in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome in a Randomized, Controlled Trial
by Rafael Ferraz-Bannitz, Rebeca A. Beraldo, A. Augusto Peluso, Morten Dall, Parizad Babaei, Rayana Cardoso Foglietti, Larissa Marfori Martins, Patricia Moreira Gomes, Julio Sergio Marchini, Vivian Marques Miguel Suen, Luiz C. Conti de Freitas, Luiz Carlos Navegantes, Marco Antônio M. Pretti, Mariana Boroni, Jonas T. Treebak, Marcelo A. Mori, Milton Cesar Foss, Maria Cristina Foss-Freitas
protein
In this Brazilian 27-day RCT, protein restriction had nearly the same effect on weight loss & glucose control as caloric restriction.
Body weight, body composition, and energy metabolism in lean and obese Zucker rats fed soybean oil or butter
by Valérie Rolland, Suzanne Roseau, Gilles Fromentin, Stylianos Nicolaidis, Daniel Tomé, Patrick C Even
pufa
2x2 study design; obese vs lean rats and soybean oil vs. butter (both at 30%E). Obese phenotypes became more obese, lean ones did not.
Dietary Linoleic Acid Elevates Endogenous 2-AG and Anandamide and Induces Obesity
by Anita R. Alvheim, Marian K. Malde, Douglas Osei-Hyiaman, Yu Hong Lin, Robert J. Pawlosky, Lise Madsen, Karsten Kristiansen, Livar Frøyland, Joseph R. Hibbeln
pufa
Rats were fed 1%E linoleic acid, 8%E, and 8%E + 1% EPA/DHA. The 1% mice were the leanest, 8% most obese. In the 8% + EPA/DHA mice, the obesogenic effect was somewhat milder.
Metabolic inflexibility: when mitochondrial indecision leads to metabolic gridlock
by Deborah M Muoio
randle
Describes the concept of "substrate competition" in the mitochondria, where competing substrates (glucose, fatty acids, amino acids) lead to "indecision" in which of the fuels to burn. Speculates that substrate competition is the root cause of "insulin resistance," that the reason is "too much mixed food all the time," and that restricting at least one macro (e.g. doing keto) might alleviate this issue.
The adverse metabolic effects of branched-chain amino acids are mediated by isoleucine and valine
by DeyangYu12312, Nicole E.Richardson12412, Cara L.Green12, Alexandra B.Spicer5, Michaela E.Murphy126, VictoriaFlores126, CholsoonJang78, IldikoKasza9, MariaNikodemova5, Matthew H.Wakai12, Jay L.Tomasiewicz1, Shany E.Yang12, Blake R.Miller12, Heidi H.Pak12, Jacqueline A.Brinkman12, Jennifer M.Rojas10, William J.QuinnIII10, Eunhae P.Cheng12, Elizabeth N.Konon12, Lexington R.Haider12, Dudley W.Lamming123461113
protein
bcaa
isoleucine
Having previously established the positive effects of protein restriction, and having narrowed it down to BCAA restriction, this experiment sought to test which of the 3 BCAAs is mediating the effect. It turned out to be mostly isoleucine, with valine playing a smaller role. FGF21 was shown to be part of what mediated the effects of isoleucine restriction.
Practices of deep-frying processes among food handlers in social food services in Navarra, Spain
by RoncesvallesGarayoa, JulenSanz-Serrano, ArianeVettorazzi, AdelaLópez de Cerain, AmayaAzqueta, Ana IsabelVitas
pufa
frying
Food catering companies in the area of Navarro, Spain, were asked to self-report their practices for changing deep fryer oil. Subsequently, some of the kitchens were visited and the information was verified as best as possible by measuring total polar compounds in the fryer oil after frying. Policies for changing fryer oil ranged from "every 5 days" via "every 2 months" to "no defined frequency."
A comparison of effects of lard and hydrogenated vegetable shortening on the development of high-fat diet-induced obesity in rats
by R Kubant, A N Poon, D Sánchez-Hernández, A F Domenichiello, P S P Huot, E Pannia, C E Cho, S Hunschede, R P Bazinet, G H Anderson
pufa
Rats were fed one of 3 diets: Normal fat (1.27% linoleic acid), high (hydrogenated) vegetable fat (3.85% LA), high lard fat (11.37% LA). The higher the LA content of the diet, the more the rats ate and the more obese they became.
Soybean Oil Is More Obesogenic and Diabetogenic than Coconut Oil and Fructose in Mouse: Potential Role for the Liver
by Poonamjot Deol, Jane R. Evans, Joseph Dhahbi, Karthikeyani Chellappa, Diana S. Han, Stephen Spindler, Frances M. Sladek
pufa
Mice were put on high-fat diets containing coconut oil, coconut + soybean oil, fructose + coconut oil, and fructose + soybean + coconut oil. The soybean oil diets contained 10%E linoleic acid, the others only 2.2%. There was also a lower-fat control group with 1.2% LA. Weight wise, control mice did the best, followed by coconut oil mice and then fructose mice. Soybean mice actually did slightly worse than even soybean + fructose mice.
Dietary linoleic acid elevates the endocannabinoids 2-AG and anandamide and promotes weight gain in mice fed a low fat diet
by Anita Røyneberg Alvheim, Bente E Torstensen, Yu Hong Lin, Haldis Haukås Lillefosse, Erik-Jan Lock, Lise Madsen, Livar Frøyland, Joseph R Hibbeln, Marian Kjellevold Malde
pufa
Mice were fed 1%E linoleic vs. 8%E in low-fat and medium-fat diets. The 8% LA mice had higher levels of LA oxidation products, higher serum leptin, increased liver endocannabinoids, and gained more weight when compared isocalorically to the 1% mice.
Particulate matters, aldehydes, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons produced from deep-frying emissions: comparisons of three cooking oils with distinct fatty acid profiles
by Kuang-Mao Chiang, Lili Xiu, Chiung-Yu Peng, Shih-Chun Candice Lung, Yu-Cheng Chen, Wen-Harn Pan
pufa
frying
Palm, olive, and soybean oil were compared in a simulated deep-frying kitchen. Exhausted gases were examined. Palm oil released the most total particulate matter, whereas soybean oil released the most aldehydes. Olive oil had the least toxic emissions.
Potential Bias of Doubly Labeled Water for Measuring Energy Expenditure Differences Between Diets Varying in Carbohydrate
by Kevin D.Hall, JuenGuo, Kong Y.Chen, Rudolph L.Leibel, Marc L.Reitman, MichaelRosenbaum, Steven R.Smith, EricRavussin
keto
dlw
17 men were compared on a ketogenic diet (80% fat, 15% protein, 5% carbs) and "baseline" diet (50% carbs, 15% protein, 35% fat). The goal was to compare TEE as measured my metabolic chamber vs. doubly labeled water (DLW). 2 of the 17 had "incompatible" outlier data on DLW. Even after removing those, DLW on the ketogenic diet showed 126±62 kcal/d more TEE than metabolic chamber.
Rapid determination of polar compounds in frying fats and oils using image analysis
by BogimGil, Yong JinCho, Suk HooYoon
pufa
frying
Fats and oils were exposed to high temperature at 145°C for 80 h with frying steamed noodles, and the polar compounds were determined. Fats examined were: Palm oil, vegetable shortening, soybean oil, beef tallow. After 80h of heating and repeated frying of steamed noodles, all fats except soybean oil reached around 30% of polar compounds. Soybean oil reached about 15%.
Profiling of Omega-Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Oxidized Products in Salmon after Different Cooking Methods
by Kin Sum Leung, Jean-Marie Galano, Thierry Durand, Jetty Chung-Yung Lee
pufa
o3
frying
Salmon was cooked in various ways to study how it would impact fatty acid oxidation: boiling, pan-frying, and baking. MDA, TBARS, and peroxides were tested. Boiling did not increase peroxidation or MDA significantly. Baking increased perixodation, and pan-frying both peroxidation and MDA. Lipid peroxidation products 4-HNE and 4-HHE were significantly increased in baking, and even more in pan frying.
Regulation of Food Intake, Energy Balance, and Body Fat Mass: Implications for the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Obesity
by Stephan J. Guyenet, Michael W. Schwartz
cico
leptin
Review and discussion of literature regarding increased caloric intake, leptin, and bodyweight homeostasis.
FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS DURING EARLY LINOLEIC ACID DEFICIENCY IN THE MOUSE
by D W ALLMANN, D M GIBSON
pufa
efa
dnl
Linoleic acid deficiency was induced in mice, and the enzymes responsible for synthesizing fatty acids were measured in the liver. Fatty acid synthesis enzymes were activated 5 to 10-fold in mice on a fat free diet. Saturated fat (coconut oil) was reintroduced to the diet, but did not bring down the enzyme levels. Meanwhile, reintroducing linoleic acid (via corn oil) did, over an 8 day period. This indicates that linoleic acid (or downstream, eg. ARA) deficiency is what activates the fatty acid synthesis enzymes. Only a few days were needed to dramatically deplete the linoleic acid in the mices' livers. Feeding a starved animal with a fat-free diet initiated liver linoleate depletion within 8 hours. Fatty acid synthesis hormones were observed as quickly as 5 days into the fat-free diet. When fatty acid synthesis was activated, increased levels of palmitoleic acid and oleic acid were observed. Stearic, linoleic, and arachidonic acid dropped. Palmitic acid remained about the same. Mead acid (omega-9 PUFA) was endogenously synthesized from oleic acid. Mice maintained on a fat-free or a linoleate-free diet developed fatty livers, which was reversed when linoleic acid was reintroduced to the diet.
Effects of Prolonged Use of Extremely Low-Fat Diet on an Adult Human Subject
by William RedmanBrown, Arild EdstenHansen, George OswaldBurr, IrvineMcQuarrie
pufa
efa
dnl
One of the study authors, a healthy adult man, went on a "fat-free" diet (<2g fat/day) for 6 months. The diet was created equivalent to one deemed deficient in essential fatty acids in rats, which the rats developed health issues on and eventually got severely sick. The human subject remained well throughout the entire period, and did not even get a common cold. He had no skin issues and did not even get tired of the food. In fact, the subject reported less fatigue and a disappearance of migraines he'd had since childhood. He lost a moderate amount of weight (14lbs) and blood pressure decreased slightly. Arachidonic and linoleic acid were tested in serum before and during the diet. Arachidonic was 3.2% before, and 1.87% during the fat-free diet. Linoleic was 5.7% before and 3.2% during. This study was done in 1933, which explains the very low (for current day) linoleic acid %.
Interplay between lipids and branched-chain amino acids in development of insulin resistance
by Christopher B Newgard
protein
bcaa
randle
The article reviews the literature about the Randle cycle and mitochondrial inertia, and develops a model to explain how lipids and BCAAs play together to promote insulin resistance. A literature review shows that BCAAs are associated with insulin resistance and diabetes more than any other metabolite studied. Yet the negative effects of BCAAs only seem to show up in "high-fat" diets. The authors therefore believe that BCAAs can "clog up" the TCA cycle similarly to lipids, possibly competing for similar pathways. This can then lead to glucose intolerance.
β-Oxidation of linoleate in obese men undergoing weight loss123
by Stephen CCunnane, RobertRoss, Jody LBannister, David JAJenkins
pufa
Obese men were put on a calorie restricted diet (1,000kcal/day deficit) and exercise program for 16 weeks. Weight loss was 13 +- 4.9kg. Only up to 30% fat were allowed on the diet. Before and after weight loss, adipose biopsies and blood samples were taken. They also took full-body MRIs. Adipose linoleic acid changed from 12.7 ± 1.6 to 12.0 ± 1.3.
A mathematical relationship between the fatty acid composition of the diet and that of the adipose tissue in man
by A C Beynen, R J Hermus, J G Hautvast
pufa
Meta-analysis reviewing studies that compare dietary fats to adipose fats in humans. It concludes that the half-life of fatty acid tissue is about 600 days, and it takes about 800-900 days to entirely replace the adipose tissue of an adult human (nearly 3 years). It mentions that very low fat diets seem to dilute the dietary fat via de novo lipogenesis, and the adipose fat will therefore not reflect the dietary fat closely. It also mentions that rapid fat loss/gain might influence the speed, the experiments were apparently largely done in weight stable people.
PMID: 7355785
Effect of high fat diets on energy balance and thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue of lean and genetically obese ob/ob mice
by S W Mercer, P Trayhurn
pufa
PMID: 3320290
Accumulation of polyunsaturates is decreased by weight-cycling: whole-body analysis in young, growing rats
by Z Y Chen, C R Menard, S C Cunnane
pufa
efa
Rats were put on a 4x repeated 24h fast / 3 day feast cycle to see if this would deplete their body stores of essential PUFA fatty acids LA and ALA. The diet was 3% LA of kcals. Fatty acid profiles were obtained during each fast/feast cycle. It was observed that PUFAs were accumulated in body fat at much lower rates than MUFAs + SFAs when compared with a control (ad-lib fed) group. "Apparent" oxidation was calculated by the difference between intake and accumulation + excretion.
PMID: 8672410
Increased weight loading reduces body weight and body fat in obese subjects – A proof of concept randomized clinical trial
by Claes Ohlsson, Edwin Gidestrand, Jacob Bellman, Christel Larsson, Vilborg Palsdottir, Daniel Hägg, Per-Anders Jansson, John-Olov Jansson
gravistat
Obese people were given either a "light" (1% of body weight) or "heavy" (11% of body weight) weighted vest to wear for 8h a day. After 3 weeks of the treatment, the "light" group lost a small amount (<1%) of fat mass. The "heavy" group lost almost 5%.
Differential oxidation of individual dietary fatty acids in humans123
by James PDeLany, Marlene MWindhauser, Catherine MChampagne, George ABray
pufa
efa
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of chain length, degree of unsaturation, and stereoisomeric effects of unsaturation on the oxidation of individual fatty acids in normal-weight men. For the carboxyl-labeled fatty acids, the order of oxidation from lowest to highest was as follows: laurate > linolenate > elaidate > linoleate > oleate > palmitate > stearate. When the average of the carboxyl and methyl data were used, the order was laurate > linolenate > elaidate > oleate > linoleate > palmitate > stearate.
Problems with essential fatty acids: time for a new paradigm?
by Stephen C.Cunnane
pufa
efa
This opinion paper explains why the term "essential fatty acid" is confusing and inconsistently applied.
Fatty acid composition in the mature milk of Bolivian forager-horticulturalists: controlled comparisons with a US sample
by Melanie A Martin, William D Lassek, Steven J C Gaulin, Rhobert W Evans, Jessica G Woo, Sheela R Geraghty, Barbara S Davidson, Ardythe L Morrow, Hillard S Kaplan, Michael D Gurven
The breast milk of Tsimane mothers was compared to that of U.S. mothers. The Tsimane mothers averaged 10.23% linoleic acid in their breast milk, vs. 18.88% for the U.S. mothers.
Dynamics of human adipose lipid turnover in health and metabolic disease
by Peter Arner, Samuel Bernard, Mehran Salehpour, Göran Possnert, Jakob Liebl, Peter Steier, Bruce A. Buchholz, Mats Eriksson, Erik Arner, Hans Hauner, Thomas Skurk, Mikael Rydén, Keith N. Frayn, Kirsty L. Spalding
Adipocyte triglyceride turnover and lipolysis in lean and overweight subjects
by MikaelRydén, Daniel P.Andersson, SamuelBernard, KirstySpalding, PeterArner
Lean and overweight subjects had the age of their triglycerides measured as a proxy for the turnover of lipids in fat cells. Overweight subjects had markedly older triglycerides, indicating slower turnover. BMI correlated strongly with adipocyte triglyceride age. They were also given several lipolytic agents. Lipolysis correlated negatively with BMI.
Greater oxidation of dietary linoleate compared to palmitate in humans following an acute high-carbohydrate diet
by Nikola Srnic, David Dearlove, Elspeth Johnson, Cameron MacLeod, Antoni Krupa, Alice McGonnell, Charlotte Frazer-Morris, Paige O'Rourke, Sion Parry, Leanne Hodson
pufa
dnl
The authors had previously shown that SFAs are preferentially shuttled into oxidation pathways compared to PUFAs. But this was only in an oxidative (catabolic?) state. With this study, they wanted to test the same thing in a state with de novo lipogenesis (DNL) upregulated. To test this, they fed 20 healthy volunteers a high-carbohydrate diet and then gave them either palmitate or linoleate. The two fats were tested 2 weeks apart. During the DNL state, linoleate was preferentially oxidized vs. palmitate.
Does weighted vest use during weight loss influence long-term weight loss maintenance? A pilot study in older adults living with obesity and osteoarthritis
by Carson DeLong, Barbara J. Nicklas, Daniel P. Beavers, Jason Fanning, Kristen M. Beavers
gravistat
Obese old people with self-reported arthritis were put on a weight loss program or a weight loss program + a weighted vest for 6 months. A subgroup of both arms returned after 24 months for follow-up examination. The weight loss portion was a "Medifast plan" with 1000-1300 kcal/day. The weighted vest group was asked to wear the vest up to 10h a day during their "active hours" so it wasn't exercise per se, it was long-time wearing of a vest. Weight in the vest was increased weekly to compensate for body weight lost, up to 15% of their body weight. After the 6 month WL+vest protocol, participants were no longer monitored, were instructed to eat as normal, and no longer had the vest. WL and WL+vest groups lost similar amounts of weight & fat, around 10-11kg, of which 1/4 was lean mass. At the 24 month checkin, the WL group regained all their lost weight, whereas the WL+vest group only regained half their weight. Interestingly, at 6 months, the WL group had a reduction of about 240kcal/day in their RMR, whereas the WL+vest group did not have a significant reduction. At the 24 month checkin, the WL group had recovered their RMR, and the WL+vest group was, again, the same. This indicates that wearing the vest prevented a reduction in RMR induced by caloric restriction in the WL-only group.
Fasting Whole Blood as a Biomarker of Essential Fatty Acid Intake in Epidemiologic Studies: Comparison with Adipose Tissue and Plasma
by Ana Baylin, Mi Kyung Kim, Amy Donovan-Palmer, Xinia Siles, Lauren Dougherty, Paula Tocco, Hannia Campos
pufa
200 individuals from Costa Rica were asked about their food intake to determine estimated fatty acid profiles, had adipose tissue samples taken, as well as whole-blood and plasma (which excludes e.g. red blood cells). Correlations were then compared between these sources. As expected, adipose fatty acids pretty closely resembled (estimated) dietary intake the closest. For linoleic acid in particular, the correlation between plasma and whole-blood was pretty strong too. Average whole-blood LA (22.38%) was higher than adipose (15.71%) and estimated diet (18.87%), and plasma was even higher (28.09%). Arachidonic acid, on the other hand, seemed strongly controlled: despite extremely low intakes and adipose levels (<1%), plasma (6%) and whole-blood levels (9%) were quite high.
Liraglutide Lowers Palmitoleate Levels in Type 2 Diabetes. A Post Hoc Analysis of the LIRAFLAME Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial
by Asger Wretlind, Andressa de Zawadzki, Rasmus Sejersten Ripa, Viktor Rotbain Curovic, Bernt Johan von Scholten, Ismo Matias Mattila, Tine Willum Hansen, Andreas Kjær, Peter Rossing, Cristina Legido-Quigley
glp-1
dnl
Liraglutide, a GLP-1 agonist medication, was given to obese and diabetic (type 2) patients. Lipids were analyzed subsequently. In these patients, palmitoleic acid was decreased after taking the medication vs. placebo. This could indicate lower de novo lipogenesis.
Hypercaloric low-carbohydrate high-fat diet protects against the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in obese mice in contrast to isocaloric Western diet
by Anouk Charlot, Anthony Bringolf, Joris Mallard, Anne-Laure Charles, Nathalie Niederhoffer, Delphine Duteil, Allan F. Pagano, Bernard Geny, Joffrey Zoll
keto
Mice were fattened up on a "Western Diet" (WD 16w; 58.6% fat, 14.4% protein and 27% carbohydrate) for 10 weeks, after which half were switched over to a low-carb, high-fat (LCHFD; 77% fat, 18.9% protein and 4.2% carbohydrates). The LCHFD mice continued eating more than the control group, yet lost weight. The LCHFD therefore isocalorically led to weight loss.